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Adult ADHD and Comorbid Disorders Many adults suffering from ADHD also suffer from comorbid disorders, such as major depressive disorder (Kessler and colleagues, 2006). Many patients who are depressed aren't able to take medication and may get better results from therapy. Medications that most effectively improve the symptoms of ADHD seem to boost and regulate levels of certain neurotransmitters, which are brain chemicals. Stimulants such as methylphenidate and amphetamine are often prescribed. Medicines Many of the medications used to treat ADHD in children can be used on adults. However the dosages differ and the drugs can cause negative side effects that aren't present in children. A doctor will look at the individual's medical history as well as family history and other health issues to determine what medication is best for them. The most common ADHD medication is a stimulant. It works by altering the levels of norepinephrine and dopamine in the brain. The stimulants methylphenidate and dextroamphetamine (commonly known as Adderall) increase the availability of these neurotransmitters, which can improve focus and decrease impulsivity and aggression. These stimulants are available in a variety of forms, including skin patches, liquids and chewable tablets. These stimulants that last longer are popular because they improve patient compliance, and an easier, longer-lasting improvement in symptoms. It is important to remember that comorbid conditions such as depression and anxiety disorders can affect the response to ADHD medication. Therefore, it is recommended that these psychiatric issues be treated first, and then medication used as a secondary measure. Some medications that can be used to treat comorbid mood disorders include atomoxetine, bupropion and tricyclic antidepressants (Wilens 2004).). Certain patients may experience a “rebound” effect in which they experience an increase in ADHD symptoms after discontinuing stimulant medication. In these cases a short trial of a low dose of stimulant medication could be beneficial. Certain people are not able to take stimulant drugs or are unable to take them due to abuse of drugs or other health conditions, for example, heart problems that are severe or hypertension. In these instances, non-stimulant drugs such as atomoxetine and viloxazine can be effective. These medications don't have the same negative side effects as stimulants and are less likely to be misused or diverted. Psychotherapy People suffering from ADHD can benefit from psychotherapy (talk therapy). It can help them gain strategies to improve their lives manage stress and anxiety, resolve conflicts, and deal with problems in relationships and at work. It can also help those suffering from mental illness that are co-existing such as depression and substance abuse disorders. Talk therapies include cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and schema therapy. These treatments are based on the idea that a person's beliefs and thoughts affect how they feel, think and act. CBT helps people recognize negative behavior and thought patterns, and then formulates and implements strategies to alter these patterns. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy employs meditation techniques to teach a person how to focus on their emotions and thoughts, manage their impulses, and improve their executive functioning. Schema therapy, as well as other forms of psychotherapy that focus on a person’s family history, may be helpful for people with ADHD. In addition to medication, psychotherapy can help address the specific problems caused by ADHD, such as trouble getting through schoolwork, resolving conflict and getting along with others, forgetting important dates or obligations, and impulsive decisions that lead to legal or financial problems. It can help a person overcome underlying issues such as anxiety and depression that could be contributing to their ADHD symptoms. Psychotherapy can help someone develop healthy coping strategies and reduce stress, for example exercising, improving sleep and healthy eating habits. It can also provide support to an individual in the family or with a spouse who is struggling with the negative effects ADHD affects their relationship. Therapy for families and marriage can help families and couples communicate better and understand how to manage ADHD symptoms together. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) CBT is a type of psychotherapy which focuses on changing the client's negative thinking patterns. It employs dialogue based on skill with a trained mental health professional (a therapist) to address the underlying causes of their symptoms. This treatment is designed to assist clients overcome their impairments and develop coping skills that are compatible with their daily lives. Therapists who specialize in adult ADHD-CBT teach clients how to identify unhelpful thinking patterns and assist them to develop skills to replace them with more productive thoughts. This process can take a while. It's a possibility for adults who do not receive enough relief from their medication. A recent RCT study concluded that when paired with medication, CBT is superior to CBT on its own in reducing the emotional symptoms, core symptoms self-esteem, and social functioning of adults with ADHD (Clarke and colleagues., 2017). The combination of CBT and methylphenidate is particularly effective for those who have more severe underlying problems. The therapists that provide this type of treatment typically collaborate with the client to develop an action plan that is specific to solving their issues. They teach them a set of practical skills that are easy to learn and have a high chance of success. Charts are typically utilized to track progress and reward positive behaviors. In the case of an infant, this could be a daily journal that outlines all of the school tasks or positive behaviors they have to perform, as well as a system for recording and earning rewards. Therapists may also discuss the possibility that negative consequences could be imposed if a child does not complete their task. This can be done in a very sensitive and supportive way. Metacognitive Therapy Metacognitive therapy is an innovative kind of psychotherapy that helps people change their mindset. This type of therapy can be beneficial for people who suffer from a variety mental health problems like depression. It is a type of cognitive behavioral therapy which assists people in recognizing negative thinking patterns and their impact on their emotions. This kind of therapy can help to develop psychological tools that can be adaptable and beneficial. The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between metacognitive capabilities and daily functioning in adults with ADHD. To achieve this, we evaluated self- and informant-rated deficits in daily functioning with indicators of metacognition (comprehensive knowledge as well as regulation of cognition, debugging, information management, and evaluation). It was found that comprehensive knowledge was connected to daily functioning in adults with ADHD however, the regulatory processes were not. The predictive effectiveness of a model that includes predictors of metacognition was moderate, indicating that they can account for a significant amount of the variation in daily functioning of people with ADHD. Metacognitive therapy (MCT) is a form of psychotherapy that focuses on modifying metacognitive beliefs that cause states of anxiety or rumination as well as attention fixation. MCT was developed by Adrian Wells based on an information processing model developed by Wells and Gerald Matthews. MCT has been shown to be effective in treating illness anxiety disorder. However, it is still an emerging treatment and more research is required to determine if it can help with other disorders. This study was created for evaluating the effectiveness of MCT to treat symptoms of anxiety disorder. However it is also able to treat various disorders and may be more effective than any other treatment. It is important to keep in mind that this is not a cure for ADHD however it can be used as an alternative therapy. Family Therapy In family therapy the Therapist works with the entire family. This helps all family members understand the client's problems and learn how to support their loved one better. It also helps them cope with their frustrations and build more effective communication skills. Additionally, this type of counseling is useful in dealing with comorbid disorders such as depression or addiction to drugs, which are typically found in conjunction with ADHD. The therapist will begin with an intake session in order to gain an understanding of the family's perception of the issue and determine their ability to intervene with the family. It can be done in person or online. The therapist will discuss the nature of the treatment with each client and lay out the guidelines and rules of family therapy. treatment of add in adults who has experience in treating adults suffering from ADHD will ask lots of questions to gain understanding of the client's current symptoms, their past and their impact on their work and family life as well as relationships. They will also inquire whether there are any other mental health issues present, such as depression or anxiety. Cognitive behavioral therapy is a type of counseling that helps you learn how to manage your behavior and transform negative thinking patterns to positive ones. It is focused on improving self-esteem and self-control by teaching you techniques to cope with anger and stress. It is a short-term treatment option that can be used in conjunction with other forms of psychotherapy. Individual talk therapy can help people suffering from ADHD deal with emotional baggage from longstanding patterns of failure, underachievement academic struggles as well as frequent job changes and conflict in relationships. It can help you learn strategies for managing stress and coping and teach you how to manage your time and money more effectively. It can be used to treat the comorbidities, like mood and anxiety disorders, that are often associated with ADHD.